Research ArticleMassage therapy: understanding the mechanisms of action on blood pressure. A scoping review
Graphical abstract
Representative connections among massage therapy and psychophysiologic effects. This figure suggests that massage exerts influence across multiple physical and psychological domains, which, in turn, may be responsible for blood pressure reductions. This figure is not meant to be all inclusive.
Introduction
According to the American Heart Association, nearly one in three American adults are estimated to have high blood pressure (BP), with nearly two-thirds of those older than the age of 65 being classified as having hypertension.1 Hypertension is a major antecedent of coronary heart disease, renal disease, and stroke.44 Worldwide, hypertension is the second largest contributor to the burden of disease.67 The average age-adjusted death rate attributed to hypertension increased from 1996 to 2006 by 28.7%, with a 17.8% overall death rate in 2006.1 Those with BP in the prehypertensive range have been found to be three to seven times more likely to become hypertensive and two times as likely to develop cardiovascular disease.64 Additionally, hypertension carries a large financial burden, with 2009 estimated total costs in the United States reaching $73.4 billion.44 Unfortunately, only 25%–40% of patients currently taking antihypertensive drug treatments are meeting BP goals.9 For these reasons, it has become increasingly crucial to explore alternative methods to reduce hypertension.
Massage therapy (MT), one of the oldest forms of medicine known to man, is a generalized term that encompasses techniques involving the manual manipulation of soft tissue.58 For the purposes of this review, MT will be broadly defined as a profession in which the practitioner applies manual techniques and may apply adjunctive therapies, with the intention of positively affecting health and well-being of the patient. Although treatment pressure, duration of treatment, and strokes can vary, the coalescing factor is generally considered some type of soft tissue manipulation via a licensed therapist's touch.
MT has become increasingly recognized as a complementary tool in assisting with medical conditions across the scientific community, governmental agencies, and consumers. In 2002, the White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy66 called for additional research and public education on MT. According to a 2014 survey commissioned by the American Massage Therapy Association, 77% of individuals claim their primary reason for receiving a massage was medical (54%) or stress (23%) related.2 Additionally, medical providers ranked MT the highest among alternative and complementary practices that are perceived as always or usually effective.
Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated significant reductions in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of individuals classified as prehypertensive or hypertensive.29, 62, 34, 54, 30, 48 Additionally, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 24 studies involving 1962 individuals with essential hypertension concluded that, when combined with antihypertensive medication, MT is more effective than antihypertensive drug treatment alone in lowering SBP (mean difference [MD], −6.92 [−10.05, −3.80]; P < .0001) and DBP (MD, −3.63 [−6.18, −1.09]; P = .005).68 Although these reductions may appear small, it is well recognized that even modest reductions in BP are associated with significant reduced risk for hypertension complications.40 It has been estimated that a 2 mm Hg reduction of SBP results in a 6% reduction in stroke mortality and a 4% reduction in coronary heart disease mortality, whereas a 5 mm Hg results in 14% and 9% reductions, respectively.12
The BP modulating effects of massage involve a series of complex psychophysiological processes across varying time scales. As such, it is vital to gain a better understanding of these mechanisms when considering the inclusion of MT to any treatment plan. This review aimed to summarize the existing literature regarding how MT influences BP. Based on the findings, a basic schematic representation of the effects of MT on BP modulating pathways was proposed and is presented in the graphical abstract. In addition, this review attempted to describe the gaps in research and identify future research needs. To the author's knowledge, this present review is the first to explicitly explore the possible means by which MT may reduce BP.
Section snippets
Methods
A scoping review method was used based on the framework detailed by.4 In addition to summarizing and mapping existing literature within a complex study area, a scoping review is designed to identify core methodological issues and research gaps. The process consisted of the following steps: (1) the research question was clearly identified; (2) search strategy was defined; (3) the inclusion and exclusion criteria were described; (4) relevant studies were selected; (5) the key items of information
Results
A thematic analysis of the 27 eligible articles revealed six primary mechanisms of action: (1) mediation of sympathovagal balance, (2) reduced heart rate, (3) increased O2 saturation, (4) increased blood flow, (5) decreased blood viscosity, (6) alterations in hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity, and (7) subjective and objective central changes.
Mediation of Sympathovagal Balance
The balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity is one mechanism by which the body regulates BP. Specifically, increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is characterized by rises in heart rate, myocardial contractility, and cardiac output as well as vasoconstriction and elevation of peripheral resistance, which ultimately increases BP. It has been proposed that MT promotes SNS withdraw along with a corresponding increase in PNS activity.50 This
Discussion
Twenty-seven studies were included in the thematic analysis, where six potential BP-mediating mechanisms were identified. As is often the case with scoping reviews, we are left with more questions than answers. However, this review has successfully “mapped” existing evidence and revealed specific research gaps and future research needs.
Overall, the strength of evidence across massage research is limited by the lack of scientific rigor.35, 49, 8, 11 For example, although the authors of recent
Conclusions
This scoping review indicates that MT-associated BP reductions are likely the result of a complex integration of central and peripheral mechanisms across physiological and psychological domains. Additional methodically robust clinical trials are necessary to clarify the relative contributions of these mechanisms on BP regulation.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks David Wilson for his graphical expertise.
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Conflict of interest: The author has no financial conflicts of interest.