Journal of the American Society of Hypertension
Volume 2, Issue 5 , Pages 366-371 , September 2008

Characteristics of inner-city African-Americans with uncontrolled hypertension

  • Gerard Coly, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
  • ,
  • Jane M. Kotchen, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Population Health, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
  • ,
  • Clarence E. Grim, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
  • ,
  • Hongyan Yang, MS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
  • ,
  • Andrew J. Ow, BA

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
  • ,
  • Shanthi Krishnaswami, MBBS, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
  • ,
  • Theodore A. Kotchen, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author: Theodore A. Kotchen, MD, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226. Tel: 414-805-8696; fax: 414-805-8691

Received 6 March 2008 ,Accepted 7 April 2008.

References 

  1. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistic—2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2007;115:e69–e171
  2. Douglas JG, Bakris GL, Epstein M, Ferdinand KC, Ferrario C, Flack JM, et al. The Hypertension in African-Americans Working Group (Management of high blood pressure in African-Americans: consensus state of the Hypertension in African-Americans Working Group of the International Society of Hypertension in Blacks). Arch Int Med. 2003;163:525–541
  3. Kotchen JM, Shakoor-Abdullah B, Walker WE, Chelius TH, Hoffmann RG, Kotchen TA. Hypertension control and access to medical care in the inner-city. Am J Pub Health. 1998;88:1696–1699
  4. Hajjar I, Kotchen TA. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988–2000. JAMA. 2003;290:199–206
  5. Ong KL, Cheung BMY, Man YB, Lau CP, Lam KSL. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults, 1999–2004. Hypertension. 2007;49:69–75
  6. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People, 2010. http://www.health.gov/healthypeopleAccessed: November 28, 2006
  7. Durnin JVGA, Womersley J. Body fat assess from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements of 481 men and women aged 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr. 1974;32:77–97
  8. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Feldman HI, Greene T, Lash JP, Nelson RG, et al. Evaluation of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation in a large diverse population. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2749–2757
  9. Hertz RP, Unger AM, Cornell JA, Saunders E. Racial disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, and management. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2098–2104
  10. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). JAMA. 2003;289:2560–2572
  11. Lloyd-Jones DM, Evans JC, Larson MG, O'Donnell CJ, Rocella EJ, Levy D. Differential control of systolic and diastolic blood pressure: factors associated with lack of blood pressure control in the community. Hypertension. 2000;36:594–599
  12. Modan M, Almog S, Fuchs Z, Chetrit A, Lusky A, Halkin H. Obesity, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and response to antihypertensive drugs. Hypertension. 1991;17:565–573
  13. Kotchen TA. Why the slow diffusion of treatment guidelines into clinical practice?. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:2394–2395
  14. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/Accessed: November 13, 2007
  15. Wong ND, Lopez VA, L'Italien G, Chen R, Kline SEF, Franklin SS. High prevalence and treatment rates, but inadequate control of hypertension in U.S. persons in 2003–2004 with cardiovascular disease co-morbidities. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:2431–2436
  16. Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN. Characteristics of patients with uncontrolled hypertension in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:479–486
  17. Shea S, Misra D, Ehrlich MH, Field L, Francis CK. Correlates of non-adherence to hypertension treatment in an inner-city minority population. Am J Public Health. 1992;82:1607–1612
  18. Rehman SU, Hutchison FN, Hendrix K, Okonofua EC, Egan BM. Ethnic differences in blood pressure control among men at Veterans Affairs clinics and other health care sites. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1041–1047
  19. James C, Thomas M, Lillie-Blanton M, Garfield R. Key Facts: Race, Ethnicity & Medical Care. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Menlo Park, California, January 2007.
  20. Okonofua EC, Simpson KN, Jesri A, Rehman SU, Durkalski VL, Egan BM. Therapeutic inertia is an impediment to achieving the Healthy People 2010 blood pressure control goals. Hypertension. 2006;47:345–351
  21. Kelley E, Moy E, Stryer D, Burstin H, Clancy C. The national healthcare quality and disparities reports: an overview. Med Care. 2005;43:I3–I8
  22. Pathman DE, Fowler-Brown A, Corbie-Smith G. Differences in access to outpatient medical care for black and white adults in the rural South. Med Care. 2006;44:429–438
  23. Mensah GA. Eliminating disparities in cardiovascular health: six strategic imperatives and a framework for action. Circulation. 2005;111:1332–1336

 This study was supported by NIH Grants 07011 and 5-M01-RR00058.

 Conflict of interest: none.

PII: S1933-1711(08)00048-X

doi: 10.1016/j.jash.2008.04.003

Journal of the American Society of Hypertension
Volume 2, Issue 5 , Pages 366-371 , September 2008