Journal of the American Society of Hypertension
Volume 2, Issue 3 , Pages 131-139 , May 2008

Role of statin therapy in stroke prevention

  • Jason M. Morda, MD
    • ,
  • Michael J. Ranella, BS
    • ,
  • Robert S. Rosenson, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author: Robert S. Rosenson, MD, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Domino's Farms, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Lobby A 3rd Floor, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. Tel: 734-998-4992; fax: 734-998-9587.

Received 1 August 2007 ,Accepted 11 December 2007.

References 

  1. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, et al. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Heart disease and stroke statistics-2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2007;115:e69–e171[Erratum in: 2007;115:e172]
  2. Seshadri S, Beiser A, Kelly-Hayes M, Kase CS, Au R, Kannel WB, et al. The lifetime risk of stroke: estimates from the Framingham Study. Stroke. 2006;37:345–350
  3. Hebert PR, Gaziano JM, Chan KS, Hennekens CH. Cholesterol lowering with statin drugs, risk of stroke, and total mortality (An overview of randomized trials). JAMA. 1997;278:313–321
  4. Crouse JR, Byington RP, Hoen HM, Furberg CD. Reductase inhibitor monotherapy and stroke prevention. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1305–1310
  5. Zhang X, Patel A, Horibe H, Wu Z, Barzi F, Rodgers A, et al. Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration Cholesterol, coronary heart disease, and stroke in the Asia Pacific region. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32:563–572
  6. Ebrahim S, Sung J, Song YM, Ferrer RL, Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G. Serum cholesterol, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and myocardial infarction: Korean national health system prospective cohort study [Erratum in: 2006;333:468]. BMJ. 2006;333:22
  7. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, et al. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomized trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267–1278[Erratum in: 2005;366:1358]
  8. Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst R, Forbes S, Burvill PW, Anderson CS, et al. Five-year survival after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke. 2000;31:2080–2086
  9. Dennis MS, Burn JP, Sandercock PA, Bamford JM, Wade DT, Warlow CP. Long-term survival after first-ever stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Stroke. 1993;24:796–800
  10. Hartmann A, Rundek T, Mast H, Paik MC, Boden-Albala B, Mohr JP, et al. Mortality and causes of death after first ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Neurology. 2001;57:2000–2005
  11. Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Wilson PW, D'Agostino R, Ohman EM, Röther J, et al. REACH Registry Investigators One-year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA. 2007;297:1197–1206
  12. Gorelick PB. Stroke prevention therapy beyond antithrombotics: unifying mechanisms in ischemic stroke pathogenesis and implications for therapy: an invited review. Stroke. 2002;33:862–875
  13. Gorelick PB. Stroke prevention. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:347–355
  14. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease (Part 1, Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias). Lancet. 1990;335:765–774
  15. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, and stroke: 13,000 strokes in 450,000 people in 45 prospective cohorts. Lancet. 1995;346:1647–1653
  16. Iso H, Jacobs DR, Wentworth D, Neaton JD, Cohen JD. Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:904–910
  17. Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A, Goldstein LB, Hennerici M, Rudolph AE, et al. Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators (High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack). N Engl J Med. 2006;355:549–559
  18. Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Lavallée P, Touboul PJ. Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis. Stroke. 2004;35:2902–2909
  19. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, et al. PROSPER Study Group PROspective study of pravastatin in the elderly at risk (Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomized controlled trial). Lancet. 2002;360:1623–1630
  20. Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, et al. ASCOT investigators Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1149–1158
  21. Sever P, Dahlöf B, Poulter N, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, et al. ASCOT Steering Committee Members (Potential synergy between lipid-lowering and blood-pressure-lowering in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial). Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2982–2988[Erratum in: 2007;28:142]
  22. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7–22
  23. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleight P, Peto R Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20,536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet. 2004;363:757–767
  24. Corvol JC, Bouzamondo A, Sirol M, Hulot JS, Sanchez P, Lechat P. Differential effects of lipid-lowering therapies on stroke prevention: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:669–676
  25. Rosenson RS. Non-lipid-lowering effects of statins on atherosclerosis. Curr Cardiol Rep. 1999;1:225–232
  26. Lee SH, Bae HJ, Yoon BW, Kim H, Kim DE, Roh JK. Low concentration of serum total cholesterol is associated with multifocal signal loss lesions on gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging: analysis of risk factors for multifocal signal loss lesions. Stroke. 2002;33:2845–2849
  27. Furberg CD, Adams HP, Applegate WB, Byington RP, Espeland MA, Hartwell T, et al. Effect of lovastatin on early carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events (Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study (ACAPS) Research Group). Circulation. 1994;90:1679–1687
  28. Crouse JR, Byington RP, Bond MG, Espeland MA, Craven TE, Sprinkle JW, et al. Pravastatin, Lipids, and Atherosclerosis in the Carotid Arteries (PLAC-II) [Erratum in: 1995;75:862]. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:455–459
  29. Laufs U, La Fata V, Plutzky J, Liao JK. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation. 1998;97:1129–1135
  30. Searles CD. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of endothelial nitric oxide expression. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2006;291:C803–C816
  31. Laufs U, Liao JK. Post–transcriptional regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA stability by Rho GTPase. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:24266–24271
  32. Laufs U, Gertz K, Dirnagl U, Böhm M, Nickenig G, Endres M. Rosuvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase and protects from ischemic stroke in mice. Brain Res. 2002;942:23–30
  33. Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O, Pyörälä K. The effects of simvastatin on the incidence of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease [Erratum in: 1998;4:367]. J Card Fail. 1997;3:249–254
  34. Loh E, Sutton MS, Wun CC, Rouleau JL, Flaker GC, Gottlieb SS, et al. Ventricular dysfunction and the risk of stroke after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:251–257
  35. Li D, Fareh S, Leung TK, Nattel S. Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs: atrial remodeling of a different sort. Circulation. 1999;100:87–95
  36. Mahoney P, Kimmel S, DeNofrio D, Wahl P, Loh E. Prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in patients at a tertiary care center referred for heart transplantation because of severe heart failure. Am Heart J. 1999;83:1544–1547
  37. Amarenco P, Cohen A, Tzourio C, Bertrand B, Hommel M, Besson G, et al. Atherosclerotic disease of the aortic arch and the risk of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1474–1479
  38. Tunick PA, Nayar AC, Goodkin GM, Mirchandani S, Francescone S, Rosenzweig BP, et al. NYU Atheroma Group Effect of treatment on the incidence of stroke and other emboli in 519 patients with severe thoracic aortic plaque. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:1320–1325
  39. Pitsavos CE, Aggeli KI, Barbetseas JD, Skoumas IN, Lambrou SG, Frogoudaki AA, et al. Effects of pravastatin on thoracic aortic atherosclerosis in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:1484–1488
  40. Nickenig G, Bäumer AT, Temur Y, Kebben D, Jockenhövel F, Böhm M. Statin-sensitive dysregulated AT1 receptor function and density in hypercholesterolemic men. Circulation. 1999;100:2131–2134
  41. Strazzullo P, Kerry SM, Barbato A, Versiero M, D'Elia L, Cappuccio FP. Do statins reduce blood pressure? (a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials). Hypertension. 2007;49:792–798
  42. Patti G, Chello M, Candura D, Pasceri V, D'Ambrosio A, Covino E, et al. Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: results of the ARMYDA-3 (Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Dysrhythmia After cardiac surgery) study. Circulation. 2006;114:1455–1461
  43. Ozaydin M, Varol E, Aslan SM, Kucuktepe Z, Dogan A, Ozturk M, et al. A. Effect of atorvastatin on the recurrence rates of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:1490–1493
  44. Hanna IR, Heeke B, Bush H, Brosius L, King-Hageman D, Dudley SC, et al. Lipid-lowering drug use is associated with reduced prevalence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3:881–886
  45. Patel AA, White CM, Shah SA, Dale KM, Kluger J, Coleman CI. The relationship between statin use and atrial fibrillation. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23:1177–1185
  46. Ozaydin M, Dogan A, Varol E, Kapan S, Tuzun N, Peker O, et al. Statin use before bypass surgery decreases the incidence and shortens the duration of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Cardiology. 2007;107:117–121
  47. Rosenson RS. SPARCL: Statin Therapy for Stroke Patients is not Crystal Clear. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007;9:213–215

 Dr. Rosenson has received funds from Astra Zeneca (speaker's bureau, honoraria payment).

 Conflict of interest: none.

PII: S1933-1711(07)00253-7

doi: 10.1016/j.jash.2007.12.003

Journal of the American Society of Hypertension
Volume 2, Issue 3 , Pages 131-139 , May 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution